Arguments have been put forward that early grammaticalization is also strongly motivated by metaphoric processes. The lexicalizationgrammaticalizationpragmaticalization. Grammaticalization of arabic prepositions and subordinators. Rather than subscribe to the idea that grammatical.
This comprehensive survey provides an uptodate, critical overview of this widely debated topic, exploring and evaluating word order research carried out in four major theoretical frameworks linguistic typology, generative grammar, optimality theory and processingbased. Grammaticalization and reanalysis in african languages bernd heine mechthild reh grammaticalization and reanalysis in african languages l lutuiiii. Delancy 1985 notes that this is a cyclic process, the directive categories being. Grammaticalization and reanalysis in african languages. This may have consequences for what is available as a source for grammaticalization in these languages. Auxiliaries, grammaticalization, and word order in mande. Heine and rehs grammaticalization and reanalysis in african languages 1984. Grammaticalization and semantic reanalysis regine eckardt. In sranan the word taki, derived from english talk, is used as a complementizer. Grammaticalization in the morphosyntactic study of meiteilon grammaticalization of the verb. Carol lord california state university, long beach.
The notion of substrate language had not been hitherto unknown, but it was. The grammaticalization of kotok into a negative marker in manda. These three approaches can be accounted for in a similar way and i offer an account of gradual change using a. Auxiliaries, grammaticalization, and word order in mande auxiliaries, grammaticalization, and word order in mande kastenholz, raimund 20030804 00. This syntactic reanalysis is accompanied by a semantic reinterpretation of a very specific, lexical meaning into a more general, grammatical one. The term grammaticalization goes back to meillet 1912. N2 grammaticalization is generally assumed to be a gradual process and languages are thought to be grammaticalized to different degrees. Between the third and sixth centuries, present tense habwas cliticized in postverbal position, i. Word order is one of the major properties on which languages are compared and its study is fundamental to linguistics. In historical linguistics and language change, grammaticalization is a process of language.
Grammatical and lexical comparison of the greater ruvu. Providing rich exemplification from african languages, the authors described. Pdf describing morphosyntax download ebook for free. In the extreme case of language contact represented by creole languages, some have questioned whether grammaticalization takes place at all in such cases.
In both developments, abstract grammatical meanings are. The discourse marker i think has been subsumed under lexicalization, grammaticalization and pragmaticalization. Grammaticalization is the study of emergent features changes in construction to be understood as structural or organizational that we categorize as grammatical. This brief description of the grammaticalization of the swahili completive aspect marker sha. Because these languages are spoken in a single although very large country, and because they share a common writing system, there is a tendency to regard them as a single language, rather than the distinct language systems that they are. The book includes coverage of key terms, a list of resources, and sections on. Reanalysis linguistics or folk etymology, change in a word or phrase resulting from the replacement of an unfamiliar form by a more familiar one rebracketing, a process where a word originally derived from one source is broken down into a different set of factors. Many examples will be drawn from tamil, the dravidian language with the oldest literary history, but data from other languages, including western languages, african. Cases of contactinduced grammaticalization in centraleuropean languages are described in such works as hansen 2005 on modal systems. Features in reanalysis and grammaticalization elly van gelderen. Apr 29, 2016 cases of contactinduced grammaticalization in centraleuropean languages are described in such works as hansen 2005 on modal systems. It can be conceived of as a formulaic token which is an argument in favor of lexicalization. The focus of this course will be on the topic of grammaticalization both as a general phenomenon in various languages of the world, and in the dravidian languages of south india. Aug 18, 2010 he has published a number of articles on arabic linguistics, including apposition, grammaticalization, reanalysis, semantic bleaching, and semantic extension in the encyclopedia of arabic language and linguistics brill, 20062009.
Pdf the grammaticalization of the infinitival preposition. A conceptual framework bernd heine, ulrike claudi and friederike hunnemeyer. Secondary grammaticalization and the english adverbial ly. Outside africa, undergraduates learn african languages as adults but while some learn an african language before studying linguistics, for others it is the other way round. Degrees of grammaticalization in three romance languages. The area where the grammaticalization of roata and a. Mar, 2019 reanalysis plural reanalyses a second or subsequent analysis. Features in reanalysis and grammaticalization 1 others, on the other hand, attribute as little as possible to the role of parameters and to universal grammar in general. Paper presented at conference, new reflections on grammaticalization, potsdam, germany.
An extra thank you, hazel gray, for sharing kisi data as well as thoughts and data on manda. A comparative analysis of existential constructions. Grammatical and lexical comparison of the greater ruvu bantu. Features in reanalysis and grammaticalization elly van. The grammaticalization of the infinitival preposition toward a theory of grammaticalizing reanalysis article pdf available in journal of comparative germanic linguistics 72. As many as half of the worlds nearly 7,000 languages are poised to become extinct within the next century.
The first comprehensive, systematic study of bantu morphosyntactic microvariation is marten et al. Languages integer the number of living languages for this country. Grammatical and lexical comparison 5 7 have been chosen as examples, and these will be discussed in detail. Pdf questions about diachronic change as it relates to tense and aspect ta range from the general, such as how do ta systems.
Introduction in its broadest sense, grammaticalization, also known as grammaticization, is the process by which grammar is created cro 2006. What links here related changes upload file special pages permanent link. The term is thought to have originated with meillet w958, but rst. Grammar and grammaticalization in manda an analysis of the. This view is slightly different from that in roberts chapter but contributes to the. Variation, lexicalization and grammaticalization in signed. Introduction it is a truth widely acknowledged that developments in bilingual individuals parallel, and ultimately underlie, those taking place in the course of contactinduced.
Review article grammaticalization, typology, and nigercongo word order. The postdeterminer construction is the result of reanalysis of the binominal construction denison 2002. The grammaticalization of triadic communication in west african languages. Pdf grammaticalization and reanalysis in african languages. This blueprint was inherited from the substrate languages and applied to the word forms of the lexifier language. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Necessary conditions for the process of reanalysis obviously are the adjacency to a np and the syntactic. Indigenous integer the number of lic records in this country for languages that are living and are indigenous to the country that is, where egids grammaticalization of the passive, the functional traces of at least the third person plural origins of a passive construction may be discernable even at later stages of grammaticalization. Grammaticalization is part of a physical theory of language and so it is part of our theory as well as it describes the evolution and emergences of several features in language. But there is no uptodate, reasonably comprehensive, basic introduction to african languages in english. It is shown that grammaticalization and first language acquisition frequently involve the same semantic changes.
Reanalysis definition of reanalysis by the free dictionary. Grammaticalization, the process of converting regular lexical items and structures into conventionally interpreted grammatical morphemes, has tradition. The author suggests verifying the grammaticalization degree of different syntactic constructions on the basis of the contexts favoring their reanalysis in terms of prepositions. The type noun is demoted from head status, and the string sortkind of forms together with the primary determiner a complex determiner, as in 2, in which this reanalysis is overtly reflected by the lack of concord between these and kind. In the 5rst part of the talk i take a closer look at the gender system.
My sincerest appreciation for taking your time to answer sometimes long and complicated questions about your languages of expertise, robert botne, nobuko yoneda, gastor mapunda, heidrun kroger, bastian persohn and amani lusekelo. Language plays a large role in identity formation, and the loss of a language has significant consequences for its speakers. Two steps in the evolution of language elly van gelderen 6 september 2006 grammaticalization is an easily observable process in the history of languages and has therefore frequently been seen as involved in the evolution of language from its earliest stage to the present. This paper reports on a corpus investigation of mainland scandinavian expressions meaning i think and the lexicalizationgrammaticalizationpragmaticalization interface.
Word order in mande disregarding the auxiliaries at this point is sov, with. The article starts by describing grammaticalizationa kind of language change on basis. Grammatical prototypes and competing motivations in a theory of linguistic change. She is currently a researcher at the linguistics department of the royal museum of central africa in tervuren belgium, where she is involved in a project on grammaticalization and intersubjectification. He has published a number of articles on arabic linguistics, including apposition, grammaticalization, reanalysis, semantic bleaching, and semantic extension in the encyclopedia of arabic language and linguistics brill, 20062009. Minimalist parameters consist of choices of feature specifications as the child acquires a lexicon, as in borer 1984, dubbed the borer chomsky conjecture by baker 2008. Two steps in the evolution of language elly van gelderen 6 september 2006 grammaticalization is an easily observable process in the history of languages and has therefore frequently been seen as involved in the evolution of language from. The format in 6 and 7 however makes the change at the semantic side of. African languages well as they grow up, and come to linguistics later, during their university studies. Backformation, a process of creating a new word by removing actual. Grammaticalization 27 w verb form of the verb habthat was free in other contexts to appear in a variety of positions, including before the non nite verb.
This raises the need of an accurate reanalysis whose results are summarised in this talk. Ein beitrag zur rekonstruktion historischer syntax afrikanistische monographien 1. Grammatikalisierung auch grammatikalisation bezeichnet einen prozess des sprachwandels. The prototypical instance of language change called grammaticalization is a change where a. T1 degrees of grammaticalization in three romance languages.
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